Pirogov Medical University offers courses leading to the degrees of PhD. Emphasis is placed upon training in research methods, clinical and preclinical studies, statistical analysis, literature search and critical interpretation of data. In addition to the subjects of the specialty, students obligatorily study philosophy and a foreign language, as well as pedagogy. PhD degree is good preparation for career opportunities involving research, teaching and administration. Career opportunities are found in universities, research institutes and clinical centers as well as in biotech and pharmaceutical industry.